Oil has taken a wild ride. A barrel of Brent Crude, the global benchmark, bottomed at about $34 at the end of 2008, soared to $126 in 2012 and fell to $29 in early 2016 before rising to $85 today. The price of an ounce of gold has increased by only about one-third since stocks bounced off their lows of nearly 10 years ago. Gold jumped above $2,000 in 2011, but the metal dropped by nearly half within four years and has since been trying to keep its head above water.
It’s smart to own assets that are uncorrelated—in other words, that move up and down in different, or even opposite, ways. In 2011, for example, Vanguard 500 Index (symbol VFINX), a mutual fund linked to Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index, returned just 2%, but United States Brent Oil (BNO), an exchange-traded fund that mimics the price of a barrel of oil, returned 19.5%. In 2013, the S&P 500 ETF rose 32.2%, while SPDR Gold Shares (GLD), an ETF linked to an ounce of gold, fell 28.3%. Conversely, in 2010, the gold ETF returned 29.3%, and the S&P fund returned 14.9%. As you can see, owning gold or oil—or both—can even out the volatility of a stock portfolio. Is this a good time to buy these commodities? And which one should you buy?
Going their own ways. Gold and oil are not just uncorrelated to stocks, they are uncorrelated to each other, too. Since the end of June 2017, oil has been going up and gold has trended down. Oil has benefited from three developments. First, there’s the continued boom in the global economy. When business is good, more petroleum is needed to power cars and factories, generate electricity, heat homes, and convert into chemicals and fertilizer. Second, production has been constrained because the number of global rigs drilling for petroleum plummeted from 3,736 in February 2014 to 1,405 in May 2016. The most recent (September) rig count is 2,258. Third, the U.S. has imposed tough new sanctions on Iran, keeping much of the oil from the world’s number-five producer off the global market. Like the low rig count, the sanctions reduce supply, and in an environment of rising demand, prices go up.
Now imagine what could go wrong. The number of rigs could continue to rise, differences with Iran could be ironed out (or other countries could defy the U.S. sanctions), or the global economy could slow down. Trade wars could escalate, reducing demand in China and Europe, or, conversely, the U.S. economy could overheat. That would force the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates more aggressively, choking off growth, which would inevitably drive down oil prices.
Kiplinger projects 2018 U.S. growth at 2.9% and inflation at 2.5%—solid but hardly too hot. Still, unemployment is at the lowest level in 49 years, and labor costs may rise significantly—perhaps along with consumer prices, especially with new tariffs and other restrictions on imports.
Gold is another matter. The mythology is that gold is a hedge against inflation and a safe haven in a crisis. In fact, when inflation pushes up interest rates, gold suffers, as has been the case recently. The reason is that gold, unlike most other investments, does not generate income. If the rate on the two-year Treasury note is just 2%, then gold investors aren’t sacrificing much. But should the rate rise to 3% or 4%, the sacrifice increases, and bonds become relatively more attractive.
Nor does history validate the view that gold is shelter from a storm. Gold spiked by about 10% shortly after 9/11 but quickly settled back down. The price plummeted more than 20% during the Great Recession of 2008–09 and hit highs in 2010–12, a period of recovery and global stability. Patterns, however, can change. The most popular safe haven in recent years has been U.S. Treasury bonds, but in the next crisis, American debt may not prove to be as popular.
In addition, no one should underestimate the unpredictable psychology behind gold prices. After the Great Recession, people who worried about the potential for another major crisis held gold as protection. High confidence levels more recently may have depressed gold prices to bargain levels.
Time to get on the train? Right now, oil looks like a bet for momentum investors, who like to jump onto moving trains, and gold is for contrarians, who would rather board in the station and wait—sometimes for years—before starting to move. I’m a contrarian, and my preference today is for gold. Still, it makes good sense to own both as a way to provide the ballast of uncorrelated assets in your portfolio.
How to buy is another question. I am not a fan of commodities futures markets, where transaction fees are lofty and the temptation of leverage can cause you to lose everything on a single volatile move. With both oil and gold, there are two alternative categories of investments: the stuff itself and the companies that produce and sell it.
For example, the Brent ETF I mentioned earlier links to the price of global oil through a portfolio of futures contracts. United States Oil (USO) is an ETF that does the same but is linked to the price of the U.S. benchmark, West Texas Intermediate crude. Currently, WTI is trading about $10 less than Brent, but it makes little difference which ETF you choose. In both cases, the fees are high for funds that require no judgment from a manager: 0.90% for the Brent ETF and 0.77% for USO. Gold ETFs come with more-reasonable fees: SPDR Gold Shares charges 0.40%, and iShares Gold Trust (IAU), the one I prefer, charges 0.25%.
Or you can buy funds that own shares of businesses. For oil, focus on exploration and production companies, which are more exposed to the ups and downs of prices than the huge integrated energy firms, such as ExxonMobil. A good ETF choice is Invesco Dynamic Energy Exploration and Production (PXE), whose top assets include EOG Resources (EOG); another good choice is SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production (XOP), with a portfolio that includes as its third-biggest holding California Resources(CRC), a much smaller company that’s focused on one state. For gold, my preferences are Fidelity Select Gold (FSAGX), a mutual fund whose top holding is Newmont Mining (NEM), and iShares Global Gold Miners (RING). This ETF has 15% of assets in Newmont and 12% in Barrick Gold (ABX), its top two holdings.
Because they don’t move in concert with stocks, oil and gold should offer your overall portfolio a smoother ride through any storms ahead. And you can be sure that there will be storms.
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